AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |
Back to Blog
Mate translate virus1/9/2024 The proportion of vectors surviving the extrinsic incubation period is p N, so mabp N vectors become infectious. Of these ma bites, only a proportion b is infectious to the vector, giving a total of mab vectors infected by the primary case. An infected person gets bitten by ma vectors each day. The components of the vectorial capacity equation are the following: vector biting rate (a), vector density (m), probability of vector daily survival (p), vector competence (b) and pathogen extrinsic incubation period (N). Pathogen transmission is modelled by the vectorial capacity equation, which is a vector-centric adaptation of the basic reproductive number (R 0) equation. This was created by Garret-Jones in 1964 and represents the number of secondary cases of vector infection per unit of time given the introduction of an infectious individual into a naïve population. Vectorial capacity describes the ability of a population of vectors to transmit pathogens to a host and is represented by the vectorial capacity equation (Fig. Microbes that reside in the gut or other tissues may also have relevance for other life history traits which influence vectorial capacity. Microbiota in the midgut or salivary glands have the potential to interact directly with pathogens whereas microbes residing in other tissues may indirectly affect vector competence. Within the mosquito, microbes can invade and colonise different tissues, perhaps by intracellular routes, and the reproductive organs and salivary glands appear to have the greatest diversity of microbes. As such, undertaking studies with a field relevant microbiome has been challenging. Similarly, the horizontal and vertical transmission routes that microbes exploit to colonise their host mean that mosquitoes reared in a laboratory setting have a vastly different microbiome compared to their field counterparts. Therefore, microbiomes of mosquitoes can vary substantially between individuals, life stages, species and over geographical space, and this variation likely contributes to differences in host phenotypes. Acquisition and the composition of the microbiome are influenced by several abiotic and biotic factors, including host and microbial genetics and the environment. In mosquitoes, the microbiome, which consists of bacteria, viruses, protozoans and fungi, profoundly alters host phenotypes. The 'microbiome' is a collection of microorganisms within or on an organism. Here, we review current evidence of impacts of the microbiome on aspects of vectorial capacity, and we highlight likely opportunities for novel vector control strategies and areas where further studies are required. However, there are still many knowledge gaps regarding mosquito–microbe interactions that need to be addressed in order to exploit them efficiently. Promisingly, this expands the options available to exploit microbes for vector control by also targeting parameters that affect vectorial capacity. Recent studies also indicate that mosquito gut-associated microbes can impact each of these components, and therefore ultimately modulate vectorial capacity. Several mosquito and pathogen components, such as vector density, biting rate, survival, vector competence, and the pathogen extrinsic incubation period all influence pathogen transmission. However, less attention has been paid to how microbiota affect phenotypes that impact vectorial capacity. It is now well established that microbes can alter pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, either positively or negatively, and avenues are being explored to exploit microbes for vector control. As in other animals, the gut-associated microbiota of mosquitoes affect host fitness and other phenotypes. Microbiome research has gained considerable interest due to the emerging evidence of its impact on human and animal health.
0 Comments
Read More
Leave a Reply. |